Winds were as high as 120-130 mph and the storm was the equivalent of a Category 4 hurricane. Introduction: Cyclone Fani is the first cyclone to be categorised “severe” by the Indian meteorological department since Cyclone Mala made landfall in Myanmar in 2006. There were 77 deaths reported; 13 in Bangladesh and 64 in India, the majority of which (39) were in Puri. cyclone Fani and prepositioned 20,000 relief kits containing ( each kit containing flattened rice 2kg,sathu/atta, Biscuits, bread pack, match box candle Relief materials packing for distribution by state branch First Aid Trained volunteers delivering First Aid services Cyclone Fani formed as a tropical depression in the Indian Ocean near Sumatra. Cyclone Fani has, however, left a fury of damage to properties and public infrastructure. Around 900 cyclone shelters have been built in vulnerable pockets of the state, with systems in place for the evacuation of hundreds of thousands of people. According to official estimates, 64 people lost their lives due to the devastating cyclone Fani. Cyclone Fani is a rare phenomenon for a tropical cyclone, even for Odisha, a favourite playground for these storm systems that leave behind such destruction on a regular basis. Moving at a roaring speed of 205 km/h, Fani is being suspected to cause massive damages in the upcoming hours. Tropical Cyclone Fani: The storm is India's strongest tropical cyclone to make landfall in 20 years. Puri City, located in the Odisha state, was hit the hardest and experienced heavy rain and wind speeds in excess of 130 mph. The post-cyclone recovery will be a daunting challenge to the administration in Odisha, demanding a lot of resources. However, thanks to a strong disaster management plan and quick and effective response, loss of life was limited. Two months after the cyclone hit, the Odisha State Disaster Management Authority was set up and plans put in place. In conversation, interviews, and data gathering, families impacted by the cyclone asked for support to go to repairing homes. Cyclones are given many names in different regions of the world. When Hurricane Maria hit Puerto Rico in 2017 with wind speeds of 175mph, it caused a death toll of 2,975. Cyclone Fani will be the second storm to form in April and cross the mainland. Fani is the most severe cyclone to hit Odisha since the year 1999. Fani was the strongest cyclone to hit the area in 20 years and brought with her 125 mph winds, driving rain, and storm surge of up to 13 feet. This success story is a testament to the preparation and actions authorities in India took in the days leading up to landfall as well as to the investments made over the last two decades in disaster management planning. Tourism, a major industry in Odisha, has lost approximately Rs 732 crore (106 million USD) since the cyclone hit. These were successfully used in managing cyclone Phailin in 2013 (a storm five times the size of hurricane Katrina), cyclone Hudhud in 2014 and cyclone Fani. This early warning system enables the state to be disaster ready and minimise loss of lives. To assure future such events were “zero-casualty”, the state actively learned from Cyclone Odisha and made improvements in coordination and communication, evacuation plans, and early warning systems. – … The Joint Typhoon Warning Center in Hawaii first tracked the developing storm on April 26. Cyclone Fani tears through India's eastern coast on Friday as a Grade 5 storm, lashing beaches with rain and wind gusting up to 205 km/h, and affecting weather as far away as Mount Everest. The same year, Hurricane Harvey struck Texas with winds of 130mph and caused devastating flooding. Cyclone Fani is expected has made landfall in Odisha – parts of Puri is already submerged. Ultimately, these changes contributed to the successful evacuation of 1.2 million people away from low-lying areas along the coast in advance of Cyclone Fani. However, the state is struggling to administer relief to impacted areas and to meet basic needs including power, water and food. There is a clear command and control structure for disaster relief and there are clear protocols in place for carrying out relief operations. From April 30, it has been an extremely severe cyclonic storm, the first of the 2019 season. In 1999, Cyclone Odisha devastated communities along the coast of the State of Odisha and killed over 10,000 people. So the Indian state of Odisha’s ability to put such an effective disaster management plan in place and save thousands of lives is a template that the world can learn from. All along the way, we supported women in each town to lead the management of the project with their community. Communicated clear, accurate, actionable messages around evacuation and shelter which provided time for citizens to evacuate and instructions about how and where to evacuate to. On May 3 2019, Cyclone Fani made landfall near the city of Puri, on the east coast of India. Sign up here for occasional updates to keep you in the know. The storm then traveled through India to Kolkata and on to Bangladesh. Fani, a rare summer cyclone in the Bay of Bengal, hit eastern India on May 3. Though Cyclone Fani was a success in terms of early warning, it was nonetheless a humanitarian disaster. Activated tried and tested channels of disaster communication and response, building upon learning from Cyclone Odisha and other natural hazard events. This, after all, is a state where the average income is less than US$5 a day. On May 3 2019, Cyclone Fani made landfall near the city of Puri, on the east coast of India. Cyclone Fani made landfall in India on May 3, 2019. The last severe cyclone 'Nargis' in 2008 devastated Myanmar. Above: Water, shelter and sanitation conditions in Baliapanda in Puri, immediately after Cyclone Fani. The weather forecast on 29th April, 2019 morning was that over the next 24 hours, it could even turn into a “very severe” cyclonic storm. These provided safe shelter for evacuees throughout the duration of the storm. Bhubaneswar: Country’s leading multinational conglomerate firm L&T and state-owned Paradip Port Trust (PPT) contributed for the relief and restoration works in the cyclone FANI-hit Odisha. Storm surges and powerful winds reaching 125mph blew off roofs, damaged power lines and uprooted countless trees. Cyclone Fani, the worst cyclone to hit India in decades, made landfall in the morning on Friday, May 3, near the city of Puri in Odisha state, India. The India Meteorological Department has built an effective service to predict accurate timings of cyclone formation in the Bay of Bengal and when it will make landfall along India’s coastline. Photos courtesy of SEEDS. Success here would serve as an example for the entire world. Until 1999, Odisha didn’t have a well laid out plan for disaster management. This was equivalent to a Category Four hurricane. The United Nations office for Disaster Risk Deduction (UNISDR) and other organisations have hailed government and volunteer efforts that have ensured the levels of destruction have been kept to a minimum. With ‘extremely severe’ cyclone Fani making landfall in Odisha yesterday, life has been significantly disrupted in several areas of the state. EpicBrutalGamer2009 00:16, 16 May 2019 (UTC) Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Its timing is unusual, according to data from the Meteorological Department. Early recovery efforts were successful in restoring water systems and avoiding major disease outbreaks. As a result, though 64 people lost their lives, loss of life was dramatically minimized in comparison to the 1999 event. Prior to Fani's landfall, authorities in India and Bangladesh moved at least a million people each from areas within Fani's projected path onto higher ground, and into cyclone shelters, which is thought to have reduced the resultant death toll and casualties. Cyclone Fani is the first cyclone to be categorised “severe” by the Indian meteorological department since Cyclone Mala made landfall in Myanmar in 2006. A rare summer cyclone named Fani – the third of its kind to batter the state in 150 years, clocking wind speed upward of 240 km/hr – devastated much of the coastal districts on May 3. The post-cyclone recovery will be a daunting challenge to the administration in Odisha, demanding a lot of resources. This mammoth exercise involved more than 45,000 volunteers. In the aftermath of the 1999 super cyclone, the state relied on a number of community-based groups and volunteers to help rebuild communities. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry’s standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book. There was US$125 billion in damage and at least 68 direct storm-related deaths reported in Texas. Puri City, located in the Odisha state, was hit the hardest and experienced heavy rain and wind speeds in excess of 130 mph. An early warning and evacuation success story. But the worst-affected state, Odisha, has been successful in keeping the loss of life and numbers of affected people to a minimum. Three months after the cyclone, relief camps have wound down and media attention has waned, but Fani’s survivors continue the long road to recovery. These impacts are having cascading effects throughout the entire local economy, highlighting the need for increased pre-event mitigation. This was equivalent to a Category Four hurricane. Above: Government initiated evacuation process in Puri, Odisha. At the same time, Fani’s impact on livelihoods clearly identifies the next priority for adaptive learning. Synthesizing the Project on Scaling-up the Model of Climate-Resilient Housing in Quang Tri Province, {"items":["5f8aba8f97ccf800177b5013"],"styles":{"galleryType":"Strips","groupSize":1,"showArrows":true,"cubeImages":true,"cubeType":"fill","cubeRatio":"100%/100%","isVertical":false,"gallerySize":30,"collageDensity":0.8,"groupTypes":"1","oneRow":true,"imageMargin":0,"galleryMargin":0,"scatter":0,"chooseBestGroup":true,"smartCrop":false,"hasThumbnails":false,"enableScroll":true,"isGrid":false,"isSlider":false,"isColumns":false,"isSlideshow":true,"cropOnlyFill":false,"fixedColumns":1,"enableInfiniteScroll":true,"isRTL":false,"minItemSize":120,"rotatingGroupTypes":"","rotatingCubeRatio":"","gallerySliderImageRatio":1.7777777777777777,"numberOfImagesPerRow":3,"numberOfImagesPerCol":1,"groupsPerStrip":0,"borderRadius":0,"boxShadow":0,"gridStyle":0,"mobilePanorama":false,"placeGroupsLtr":false,"viewMode":"preview","thumbnailSpacings":4,"galleryThumbnailsAlignment":"bottom","isMasonry":false,"isAutoSlideshow":true,"slideshowLoop":false,"autoSlideshowInterval":3,"bottomInfoHeight":0,"titlePlacement":"SHOW_ON_HOVER","galleryTextAlign":"center","scrollSnap":true,"itemClick":"nothing","fullscreen":true,"videoPlay":"hover","scrollAnimation":"NO_EFFECT","slideAnimation":"SCROLL","scrollDirection":1,"scrollDuration":400,"overlayAnimation":"FADE_IN","arrowsPosition":0,"arrowsSize":18,"watermarkOpacity":40,"watermarkSize":40,"useWatermark":true,"watermarkDock":{"top":"auto","left":"auto","right":0,"bottom":0,"transform":"translate3d(0,0,0)"},"loadMoreAmount":"all","defaultShowInfoExpand":1,"allowLinkExpand":true,"expandInfoPosition":0,"allowFullscreenExpand":true,"fullscreenLoop":false,"galleryAlignExpand":"left","addToCartBorderWidth":1,"addToCartButtonText":"","slideshowInfoSize":160,"playButtonForAutoSlideShow":false,"allowSlideshowCounter":false,"hoveringBehaviour":"NEVER_SHOW","thumbnailSize":120,"magicLayoutSeed":1,"imageHoverAnimation":"NO_EFFECT","imagePlacementAnimation":"NO_EFFECT","calculateTextBoxWidthMode":"PERCENT","textBoxHeight":0,"textBoxWidth":200,"textBoxWidthPercent":50,"textImageSpace":10,"textBoxBorderRadius":0,"textBoxBorderWidth":0,"loadMoreButtonText":"","loadMoreButtonBorderWidth":1,"loadMoreButtonBorderRadius":0,"imageInfoType":"ATTACHED_BACKGROUND","itemBorderWidth":0,"itemBorderRadius":0,"itemEnableShadow":false,"itemShadowBlur":20,"itemShadowDirection":135,"itemShadowSize":10,"imageLoadingMode":"BLUR","expandAnimation":"NO_EFFECT","imageQuality":90,"usmToggle":false,"usm_a":0,"usm_r":0,"usm_t":0,"videoSound":false,"videoSpeed":"1","videoLoop":true,"gallerySizeType":"px","gallerySizePx":220,"allowTitle":true,"allowContextMenu":true,"textsHorizontalPadding":-30,"showVideoPlayButton":true,"galleryLayout":5,"targetItemSize":220,"selectedLayout":"5|bottom|1|fill|false|1|true","layoutsVersion":2,"selectedLayoutV2":5,"isSlideshowFont":true,"externalInfoHeight":0,"externalInfoWidth":0},"container":{"width":220,"height":284,"galleryWidth":220,"galleryHeight":123,"scrollBase":0}}, Hurricane Dorian: Harbinger of the new normal, Cyclone Fani: Building disaster resilience one step at a time, Release Workshop of Can Tho Resilience Strategy until 2030 (Kèm bản dịch Tiếng Việt), Toàn cảnh về dự án nhân rộng mô hình nhà chống bão tại Quảng Trị, miền Trung Việt Nam, Trans-Boundary River Basin Management in Central Vietnam, The Need for Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Urban Planning and Development - Case Studie, ISET Senior Scientist to Become New National Programme Officer of SECO, ISET Researchers to Conduct a Post Event Resilience Assessment of Hurricane Florence, Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Disaster Planning in India, {"items":["5f8aba8f97ccf800177b500f","5f8aba8f97ccf800177b5010","5f8aba8f97ccf800177b5011","5f8aba8f97ccf800177b5012","5f8aba8f97ccf800177b5013","5f8aba8f97ccf800177b5014","5f8aba8f97ccf800177b5015","5f8aba8f97ccf800177b5016","5f8aba8f97ccf800177b5017","5f8aba8f97ccf800177b5018"],"styles":{"galleryType":"Columns","groupSize":1,"showArrows":true,"cubeImages":true,"cubeType":"max","cubeRatio":1.7777777777777777,"isVertical":true,"gallerySize":30,"collageAmount":0,"collageDensity":0,"groupTypes":"1","oneRow":false,"imageMargin":22,"galleryMargin":0,"scatter":0,"chooseBestGroup":true,"smartCrop":false,"hasThumbnails":false,"enableScroll":true,"isGrid":true,"isSlider":false,"isColumns":false,"isSlideshow":false,"cropOnlyFill":false,"fixedColumns":0,"enableInfiniteScroll":true,"isRTL":false,"minItemSize":50,"rotatingGroupTypes":"","rotatingCubeRatio":"","gallerySliderImageRatio":1.7777777777777777,"numberOfImagesPerRow":3,"numberOfImagesPerCol":1,"groupsPerStrip":0,"borderRadius":0,"boxShadow":0,"gridStyle":0,"mobilePanorama":false,"placeGroupsLtr":false,"viewMode":"preview","thumbnailSpacings":4,"galleryThumbnailsAlignment":"bottom","isMasonry":false,"isAutoSlideshow":false,"slideshowLoop":false,"autoSlideshowInterval":4,"bottomInfoHeight":0,"titlePlacement":["SHOW_ON_THE_RIGHT","SHOW_BELOW"],"galleryTextAlign":"center","scrollSnap":false,"itemClick":"nothing","fullscreen":true,"videoPlay":"hover","scrollAnimation":"NO_EFFECT","slideAnimation":"SCROLL","scrollDirection":0,"scrollDuration":400,"overlayAnimation":"FADE_IN","arrowsPosition":0,"arrowsSize":23,"watermarkOpacity":40,"watermarkSize":40,"useWatermark":true,"watermarkDock":{"top":"auto","left":"auto","right":0,"bottom":0,"transform":"translate3d(0,0,0)"},"loadMoreAmount":"all","defaultShowInfoExpand":1,"allowLinkExpand":true,"expandInfoPosition":0,"allowFullscreenExpand":true,"fullscreenLoop":false,"galleryAlignExpand":"left","addToCartBorderWidth":1,"addToCartButtonText":"","slideshowInfoSize":200,"playButtonForAutoSlideShow":false,"allowSlideshowCounter":false,"hoveringBehaviour":"NEVER_SHOW","thumbnailSize":120,"magicLayoutSeed":1,"imageHoverAnimation":"NO_EFFECT","imagePlacementAnimation":"NO_EFFECT","calculateTextBoxWidthMode":"PERCENT","textBoxHeight":60,"textBoxWidth":200,"textBoxWidthPercent":75,"textImageSpace":10,"textBoxBorderRadius":0,"textBoxBorderWidth":0,"loadMoreButtonText":"","loadMoreButtonBorderWidth":1,"loadMoreButtonBorderRadius":0,"imageInfoType":"ATTACHED_BACKGROUND","itemBorderWidth":0,"itemBorderRadius":0,"itemEnableShadow":false,"itemShadowBlur":20,"itemShadowDirection":135,"itemShadowSize":10,"imageLoadingMode":"BLUR","expandAnimation":"NO_EFFECT","imageQuality":90,"usmToggle":false,"usm_a":0,"usm_r":0,"usm_t":0,"videoSound":false,"videoSpeed":"1","videoLoop":true,"gallerySizeType":"px","gallerySizePx":1000,"allowTitle":true,"allowContextMenu":true,"textsHorizontalPadding":-30,"itemBorderColor":{"themeName":"color_12","value":"rgba(239,239,239,0)"},"showVideoPlayButton":true,"galleryLayout":2,"calculateTextBoxHeightMode":"MANUAL","targetItemSize":1000,"selectedLayout":"2|bottom|1|max|true|0|true","layoutsVersion":2,"selectedLayoutV2":2,"isSlideshowFont":true,"externalInfoHeight":60,"externalInfoWidth":0.75},"container":{"width":220,"galleryWidth":242,"galleryHeight":0,"scrollBase":0,"height":null}}, Above: Destruction caused by Cyclone Fani. Fani caused widespread destruction, particularly in the state of Odisha. Cyclone Fani has left destruction in its wake, not even sparing the trees of the coastal districts in Odisha. As it drifted west, it began to strengthen. Since Fani had an average wind speed of 120 mph, the India Meteorological Department classified it as an extremely severe cyclone. Cyclone Fani has passed, leaving behind a trail of devastation. The entire process is … Cyclone Fani, which has been classified as an extremely severe cyclone (ESC), is the 10th such cyclone to hit India in May in past 52 years. The same goes for today, but they are in a much better position thanks to the disaster preparedness and risk mitigation followed before the storm hit. Cyclone Fani -- pronounced "Foni" -- also triggered heavy rains in parts of north coastal Andhra Pradesh, where gusty winds with speed reaching … Cyclone “Fani” Joint Rapid Needs Assessment (JRNA) Report 2019 In the aftermath of the Cyclone in Odisha in May 2019 Format Assessment Source. Cyclone Fani has, however, left a fury of damage to properties and public infrastructure. A record 1.2m people (equal to the population of Mauritius) were evacuated in less than 48 hours, and almost 7,000 kitchens, catering to 9,000 shelters, were made functional overnight. AAB has supported some of the most vulnerable sponsored families in wholly or partially rebuilding their homes. The government’s disaster response forces were pre-positioned in vulnerable locations, food packets for air-dropping were made ready for air force helicopters to drop to people. Also read: Cyclone Fani: Govt Mounts Massive Restoration Work as Death Toll Rises to 16 Making landfall on the morning of May 3, Cyclone Fani tore … In the aftermath of the 1999 super cyclone, the state relied on a number of community-based groups and volunteers to help rebuild communities. Implemented a public warning campaign involving over 2.6 million text messages, and hundreds of volunteers, emergency workers, and local authorities utilizing sirens, loudspeakers, TV and radio. To put the death toll in perspective, the 1999 Odisha cyclone (which had 155mph winds) killed 9,658 people and caused US$2.5 billion in damages in the state. Regular press briefings were made by officials to update people of the approaching cyclone. Fani is the strongest cyclone to hit India's coast since a storm in 1999 left more than 10,000 people dead. People were repeatedly advised over all forms of media not to panic and given clear “do and don’ts”. The results of these efforts in terms of loss of life averted speak for themselves and highlight the opportunity disasters present to learn and improve upon current practices. The government’s “zero casualty” policy for natural disasters and the near accuracy of the India meteorological department’s early warning system have helped reduce the possibility of deaths from cyclone Fani. Photos courtesy of SEEDS. Above: Destruction caused by Cyclone Fani. As Fani was classified as an "extremely severe cyclonic storm" in India, the country's coast guard and … Working together with local stakeholders, NGOs, the Indian Red Cross Society, the India Meteorological Department and others, the state of Odisha : Built hundreds of cyclone shelters along the coast. Fani was the strongest cyclone to hit the area in 20 years and brought with her 125 mph winds, driving rain, and storm surge of up to 13 feet. Cyclone Fani is due to make landfall Friday in India's Odisha state. Most recently, cyclone Idai hit Mozambique on March 14 and ripped through Madagascar, Malawi and Zimbabwe, with more than 1,000 people feared dead. In particular, a greater focus on protecting livelihoods at the community level, where the impacts of natural hazards are felt most immediately, is clearly needed. Preparations to fight the onslaught of Fani involved a number of government agencies, as well as local community groups and volunteers working together. cyclone fani relief project – 2019 Cyclone Fani hit the state of Odisha on India’s eastern coast on May 3. More than 10 million trees were uprooted with an equal number of trees damaged in the extremely severe cyclone. We identify four key takeaways from Odisha. On India’s cyclone scale, Fani is the second-most severe, equivalent to a Category 3 hurricane. These successes illustrate the value of learning from disaster events to build resilience. As they look towards the future, the next step is saving livelihoods. The two major firms were among 25 others that donated a total amount of Rs 31,60,44,504 extending helping hand for the cyclonic storm-affected coastal districts. Copyright © 2010–2020, The Conversation US, Inc. Indian government’s meteorological department, at least 68 direct storm-related deaths reported in Texas. But considering the power of the cyclone, it is remarkable that more lives have not been lost. There was also sig… Senior state officials and police officers were sent to the affected districts to co-ordinate efforts of various agencies. In preparation for Cyclone Fani, the state of Odisha carried out ‘one of the biggest human evacuations in history,’ with more than a million people evacuated into 9,000 shelters in 24 hours. Heavy rains and high winds continue to threaten the lives and livelihoods of residents of Odisha state on India's east coast, currently being deluged by heavy storms. The infobox says 2.36 billion USD. Cyclone Fani, a severe cyclonic storm, made landfall impact on Friday, May 3, 2019 around 8.00 a.m. south of Puri on the Odisha coast. Write an article and join a growing community of more than 118,600 academics and researchers from 3,811 institutions. It was this super cyclone in 1999 that led the state to become better prepared for future cyclones. They are known as typhoons in the China Sea and Pacific Ocean; hurricanes in the West Indian … Continue reading "RSTV: IN DEPTH- CYCLONE FANI" Reader in Operations & Supply Chain Management, Brunel University London, Director, Country Relations and Business Affairs - New Delhi, ICRISAT, CGIAR System Organization. Fani caused widespread destruction, particularly in the state of Odisha. In the longer-term, impacts to crops and infrastructure have contributed to the devastation of millions of livelihoods and homes. Summary: On May 3, 2019 Cyclone Fani made landfall on the east coast of India, devastating homes and livelihoods. A high alert has been declared…Continue Reading→ By 2001, Odisha Disaster Rapid Action Force was also set up to conduct rescue operations and distribute relief. The road of recovery will be a challenging one. It’s then crucial that people follow the protocols in place when the warnings come in. Disaster Relief And Rehabilitation (Cyclone Fani) Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Cyclone Fani made landfall near Puri, India, Friday, May 3, sparking an evacuation of nearly a million people from coastal regions. Pre-identified vulnerable households, pre-staged equipment, and pre-stocked food and water at cyclone shelters. The authors do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment. The damages Cyclone Fani caused seen in the infobox needs to be raised 4 million dollars more. Cyclone Fani made landfall in India on May 3, 2019. India’s cyclone Fani recovery offers the world lessons in disaster preparedness May 13, 2019 7.07am EDT Fani, a rare summer cyclone in the Bay of Bengal, hit eastern India on May 3. Odisha has learned how to save lives. This helped in the record evacuation of 1.2m people to safe buildings. Tropical Cyclone Fani is forecast to become a formidable cyclone in the Bay of Bengal and is likely to pose a danger to parts of eastern India and Bangladesh late this week. It is one of the strongest cyclones to have hit India in the last 20 years, according to the Indian government’s meteorological department. The statistics are striking when compared to the impact of recent big weather events around the world. Photos courtesy of SEEDS. Data from the India Meteorological Department (IMD) show that the last time an extremely severe cyclone hit India in May was in 2004. However, thanks to effective early warning systems and evacuation protocols established following Cyclone Odisha in 1999, loss of life was minimal. The ‘rare’ness comes from the season in which Fani chose to visit – towards the end of the summer season. Brunel University London provides funding as a member of The Conversation UK. Photos courtesy of, Government initiated evacuation process in Puri, Odisha, Water, shelter and sanitation conditions in Baliapanda in Puri. Cyclones are not new to Odisha. This is the result of a very effective strategy of disaster preparation and quick responding. The Cyclonic storm Fani is expected to hit the coast of Odisha on 3 May, 2019 and can make a severe landfall. Roughly 2.6m text messages were sent to locals in clear language before cyclone Fani hit, keeping those potentially affected alert. In April and cross the mainland 4 hurricane on livelihoods clearly identifies the next step is saving livelihoods after cyclone. 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