The Differences Between a Commissioned & Non-Commissioned Officer in the Army. United States Naval Ship (USNS) is the prefix designation given to non-commissioned ships that are property of the United States Navy (USN). Craft assigned to Naval Districts and shore bases for local use, such as harbor tugs and floating drydocks, are not usually placed in commission but are instead given an "in service" status. [3] Additionally, the United States Naval Ships hull classification symbol begins with "T-" to denote its civilian crew. I have heard that the difference between commissioned officers and NCOs is that commissioned officers have attended some form of academy (VMI, United States Naval Academy), while NCOs went to a recruiter to get into the military. There are several U.S. and international legal requirements and distinctions for commissioned officers. Other aspects of a ship's decommissioning, such as the reprocessing of nuclear fuel from a ship utilizing a nuclear reactor or the removal of hazardous materials from a ship, are handled by the government according to the nation's domestic policies. Once a ship has been commissioned its final step toward becoming an active unit of the navy it serves is to report to its home port and officially load or accept any remaining equipment (such as munitions). A non-commissioned officer, sometimes colloquially referred to as a noncom, is a military officer that lacks a formal commission. This inextricably binds the state to the actions of the ship. "Keel laying" or "laid down" is the formal commencement of the construction of a ship. See more. Over 21,000 ships. [3] In rare cases, a navy or its associated country may recommission or leave a ship that is old or obsolete in commission with the regular force rather than decommissioning the vessel in question due to the historical significance or public sentiment for the ship in question. In a limited number of cases a ship may be decommissioned if the vessel in question is judged to be damaged beyond economical repair, as was the case with USS Hugh W. Hadley,[2] or USS Halibut. Ship commissioning is the act or ceremony of placing a ship in active service, and may be regarded as a particular application of the general concepts and practices of project commissioning. U-boat: U-4115: Often during this phase of testing problems arise relating to the state of the equipment on the ship, which can require returning to the builder's shipyard to address those concerns. Regardless of the type of ship, the brief but impressive commissioning ceremony completes the cycle from christening and launching to bring the ship into full status as a warship of her nation. Subsequently, various editions of Navy regulations mentioned the act of putting a ship in commission, but details of a commissioning ceremony were not prescribed. Commissionings were not public affairs, and unlike christening-and-launching ceremonies, were not recorded by newspapers. [9] The carrier's sponsor, daughter of Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz, was introduced, and US President Gerald R. Ford was the principal speaker. In addition to the economic advantages of retiring a ship that has grown maintenance intensive or obsolete, the decommissioning frees up the name used by the ship, allowing vessels currently in the planning or building stages to inherit the name of that warship. Prior to commissioning, the new ship undergoes sea trials to identify any deficiencies needing correction. Regardless of the type of ship in question, a vessel's journey towards commissioning in its nation's navy begins with a process known as sea trials. In modern times, officers and crew members of a new warship are assembled on the quarterdeck or other suitable area. MARSHALL MOORE 4 OCT 2017 CLASS. It runs from the bow to the stern and acts like the spine of the hull. In recent years, commissionings have become more public occasions. Professional artists do less creative work when their work is commissioned than when they have contracted for their work in advance for a specified reward (Amabile, 1992). It is noteworthy that the ship will be commissioned into the Navy as a combat-ready platform as the ship has completed sea trials of all the systems fitted onboard. It has 286 active naval ships, 3200 aircraft, 328,516 active personnel, and 101,689 reserve personnel to its credit. Noncommissioned Officers enter the service via other channels, such as recruitment. Formal transfer of the ship to the prospective commanding officer is done by the Chief of Naval Operations or his representative. The prospective commanding officer, ship's officers, the petty officers, and seamen who will form the crew report for training and familiarization with their new ship. Officer vs Enlisted . USNS are not Non commissioned ships but Reserve ships meaning it can be a combination of Navy AD, Reservists and Civilian personnel on … They do fly the national ensign, but not a commissioning pennant. Commission definition, the act of committing or entrusting a person, group, etc., with supervisory power or authority. Non-commission officers of Navy SEAL ranks structure hold lower positions than commissioned officers. In Truxtun's time, the prospective commanding officer had responsibility for overseeing construction details, outfitting the ship, and recruiting his crew. This boat was not commissioned into the Kriegsmarine. Prior to its formal decommissioning, the ship in question will begin the process of decommissioning by going through a preliminary step called inactivation or deactivation. Commissioned officers vs. Non-commissioned officers? The act of granting certain powers or the authority to carry out a particular task or duty. A non-commissioned officer (NCO) is a military officer who is given authority through a commissioned officer, but he or she is not technically considered to be in command.These officers rise up through the enlisted ranks, generally with years of experience to their names before they reach positions of nominal power. In the previous table, ranks are divided into commissioned officers (CO) and enlisted grades. They lead the Gorminin battle, captain the Zangyackbattle cruisers,and support the Action Commanders. Unlike wartime ship losses, in which a vessel lost to enemy action is said to be struck, decommissioning confers that the ship has reached the end of its usable life and is being retired from a country's navy. Some of these cookies are essential to the operation of the site, while others help to improve your experience by providing insights into how the site is being used. Through custom and usage, a fairly standard practice emerged, the essentials of which are outlined in current Navy regulations. These are the new ships: 8. Over 21,000 ships. The Non-commissioned Officers Sugormin (下士官スゴーミン, Kashikan Sugōmin?) Ship decommissioning usually occurs some years after the ship was commissioned and is intended to serve as a means by which a vessel that has become too old or obsolete can be retired with honor from the country's armed forces. Often, but not always, ships that are decommissioned spend the next few years in a reserve fleet before their ultimate fate is decided. Chief Petty Officer 1st class (CPO 1) Chief Warrant Officer (CWO) Chief Petty Officer 2nd class(CPO 2) Master Warrant Officer (MWO) Petty Officer 1st class(PO 1) Warrant Officer (WO) Petty Officer 2nd class(PO 2) Sergeant (Sgt) Junior Non-Commissioned Members: Master Seaman (MS) This rank was the opposite of a commissioned officer . The United States military, with the exception of the Air Force, has two distinct groups of officers--warrant and commissioned. Armed with a 57mm gun, the SeaRAM point-defense system, and some .50-caliber machine guns, this vessel primarily brings speed to the table, but still packs a punch. When a ship finishes its inactivation, it is then formally decommissioned, after which the ship is usually towed to a storage facility. This boat was not commissioned into the Kriegsmarine. Um, Vanguard was the last battleship to be laid down and launched (October 2nd, 1941 and November 30th, 1944 respectively), but she was NOT the last battleship to be commissioned. The national anthem is played, the transferring officer reads the commissioning directive, the ensign is hoisted, and the commissioning pennant broken. ",[8] whereupon the ship's assigned crew would run on board and man the rails of the ship. Army officers led the soldiers traveling on a ship but left sailing, navigation and maintenance to the experienced sea dogs aboard. c. The matter or task so authorized: Investigation of fraud was their commission. Thus, the ship was placed in commission. Commissioning in the early United States Navy under sail was attended by no ceremony. Ship commissioning is the act or ceremony of placing a ship in active service, and may be regarded as a particular application of the general concepts and practices of project commissioning. This site uses cookies. Therefore, a marriage ceremony, conducted legally on a commissioned Naval ship by proper authority, is valid and binding. The term is most commonly applied to the placing of a warship in active duty with its country's military forces. However she had been ordered and was, at least at one time, planned for commission. Once a ship's sea trials are successfully completed, plans for the commissioning ceremony will take shape. These ships had been performing various tasks in the Indian Ocean Region. Warrant Officers, Petty Officers and Senior Non-Commissioned Officers. Decommissioning of the vessel may also occur due to treaty agreements (such as the Washington Naval Treaty) or for safety reasons (such as a ship's nuclear reactor and associated parts reaching the end of their service life), depending on the type of ship being decommissioned. USS Gabrielle Giffords (LCS 10) This Independence-class littoral combat ship was commissioned on June 10, 2017. In comparison, U.S. Navy ships commissioned into service have the designation "USS" and are armed, crewed by U.S. Navy personnel, and held in property by the United States Government. [1], United States Naval Ships are unarmed auxiliary support vessels owned by the U.S. Navy and operated in non-commissioned service by Military Sealift Command with a civilian crew. The engineering plant, weapon and electronic systems, galley, and other equipment required to transform the new hull into an operating and habitable warship are installed and tested. The first two in the class -- INS Shivalik and INS Satpura - were commissioned in April 2010 and August 2011, respectively. Commissioned officers have more training than non-commissioned officers, though non-commissioned members can eventually move up in ranking. The examples and perspective in this article, Commissioning and decommissioning practices by nation, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Decommissioning of Russian nuclear-powered vessels, "DHH Volume 2, Part 1: Extant Commissioned Ships", "Old Ironsides: a History of America's Ship of State", "Christening, Launching, and Commissioning of U.S. Navy Ships", "Navy Commissions Aircraft Carrier Ronald Reagan (CVN 76) â Release No: 473-03", "USS Nimitz Commanding Officer Shares Ship's Legacy", Photos from the 1986 commissioning of USS, House Armed Services Subcommittee on Seapower and Projection Forces, Naval Forces Europe â Naval Forces Africa, Naval Facilities Engineering Systems Command, Naval Information Warfare Systems Command, Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command, Naval Aviation Warfighting Development Center, United States Armed Forces School of Music, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, United States battleship retirement debate, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ship_commissioning&oldid=995861626, Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2010, Articles needing additional references from May 2020, All articles needing additional references, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This article includes text from the public domain, This page was last edited on 23 December 2020, at 07:38. The commanding officers eventually became Navy rather than Army, but the specialist vs. commissioned officer distinction remained. Decommission definition, to remove or retire (a ship, airplane, etc.) Sea trials begin when the ship is floated out of its dry dock (or more rarely, moved by a vehicle to the sea from its construction hangar, as was the case with the submarine USS Virginia), at which time the initial crew for a ship (usually a skeleton crew composed of yard workers and naval personnel; in the modern era of increasingly complex ships the crew will include technical representatives of the ship builder and major system subcontractors) will assume command of the vessel in question. Religious ceremonies, such as blessing the ship or the singing of traditional hymns or songs may also occur. from active service. Sea trials usually take place some years after a vessel was laid down, and mark the interim step between the completion of a ship's construction and its official acceptance for service with its nation's navy. During this phase, a ship will report to a naval facility owned by the country to permit the ship's crew to offload, remove, and dismantle the ship's weapons, ammunition, electronics, and other material that is judged to be of further use to the nation. The prospective commanding officer reads his orders, assumes command, and the first watch is set. by John C. Reilly Head, Ships History Branch. In addition to problems with a ship's arms, armament, and equipment, the sea trial phase a ship undergoes prior to commissioning can identify issues with the ship's design that may need to be addressed before it can be accepted into service. A non-commissioned officer (also known as NCO or noncom) was an enlisted member of Starfleet who functioned as a lower- ranking crewman with authority over other enlisted crewmen, sometimes referred to as a team leader, and may serve as a member of starship or space station 's senior staff. are the elite soldiers of the Space Empire Zangyack's military. Vessels preserved in this manner typically do not relinquish their names to other, more modern ships that may be in the design, planning, or construction phase of the parent nation's navy. Commissioned definition is - ordered to be made in exchange for payment. How to use commissioned in a sentence. A commissioned officer in the U.S. Army holds a commission from the President of the United States and can command those under him, both officers and enlisted personnel. The number designators associated with many of these jobs are: 1110 - Surface Warfare Officer, 1120 - Submarine Officer, 1130 - Navy SEAL, 1140 - Navy EOD Officer The term is most commonly applied to the placing of a warship in active duty with its country's military forces. It is a praiseworthy achievement in itself, taking into consideration the restrictions imposed due to ongoing COVID-19 pandemic during which she was delivered to the Navy. To decommission a ship is to terminate its career in service in the armed forces of a nation. Certain aspects of a ship's deactivation â such as the removal or deactivation of a ship's nuclear weapons capabilities â may be governed by international treaties, which can result in the presence of foreign officials authorized to inspect the weapon or weapon system to ensure compliance with treaties. sion (kə-mĭsh′ən) n. 1. a. Note the term "commissioned" Naval ship. On May 3, 1975, more than 20,000 people witnessed the commissioning of USS Nimitz at Norfolk, Virginia. U-boat: U-1091: 2. a. Likewise, under U.S. law, all commanding officers must be commissioned officers. The indigenously built ship will be commissioned by Secretary of Defence Production Raj Kumar. When in OTS, you are an officer trainee or officer candidate. See more. When a captain determined that his new ship was ready to take to sea, he mustered the crew on deck, read his orders, broke the national ensign and distinctive commissioning pennant, and caused the watch to be set and the first entry to be made in the log. The system of enlistment comes from the old practice where people got their names enlisted aboard a ship, to serve for a fixed period of time. This is the case with the ships USS Constitution[4] and HMS Victory[5]. A non-commissioned officer (NCO) is an enlisted member of the armed forces holding a position of some degree of authority who has (usually) obtained it by advancement from within the non-commissioned ranks. At this point, the ship in question will undergo a process of degaussing and/or deperming, to reduce the ship's magnetic signature. Their roles and responsibilities are more limited.They also receive less pay per month than most commissioned ranks. Ceremonial ships don't count. Simply including the names of persons in a list was enlistment that continues in the present form of enlisted personnel. The USNS prefix can be assigned only while the ship is owned by the U.S. Navy. These officers are commissioned through the Naval Academy, Officer Candidate School (OCS), and Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC). The ship is then sailed in littoral waters to test the design, equipment, and other ship specific systems to ensure that they work properly and can handle the equipment that they will be using in the future. The authority so granted. Keel is the beam around which the hull of the ship is constructed. Approximately 15 percent of the total active personnel are Commissioned Officers, 80 percent are Enlisted Rates (enlisted personnel), while the remaining 5 percent belong to the group of Midshipmen of the US Naval Academy and the Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps. Tests during this phase can include launching missiles from missile magazines, firing the ship's gun (if so equipped), conducting basic flight tests with rotary and fixed-wing aircraft that will be assigned to the ship, and various tests of the electronic and propulsion equipment. Warrant Officer Vs. Though started earlier, the French battleship Jean Bart, sister ship to Richelieu, was not commissioned … Depending on the naval traditions of the nation in question, the commissioning ceremony may be an elaborately planned event with guests, the ship's future crew, and other persons of interest in attendance, or the nation may forgo a ceremony and administratively place the ship in commission. They are promoted from the general ranks to positions of prominence due to demonstrating excellence in their duties and among their peers. Non-Commissioned Officers. United States Naval Ships are unarmed auxiliary support vessels owned by the U.S. Navy and operated in non-commissioned service by Military Sealift Command with a civilian crew. If the ship's ceremony is a public affair, the Captain may make a speech to the audience, along with other VIPs as the ceremony dictates. Some ships include a small military complement to carry out communication and special mission functions, or for force protection. Within the rank structure of the UNSC Armed Forces, non-commissioned officers are enlisted personnel that fill most intermediary leadership and administrative roles. U-boat Finder Non-Commissioned U-boats U-4115. Some ships include a small military complement to carry out communication and special mission functions, or for force protection.[2]. Following, the sponsor is traditionally invited to give the first order to the ship's company: "Man our ship and bring her to life! Depending on the naval traditions of the country, a ceremony commemorating the decommissioning of the ship may take place, or the vessel may be removed administratively with minimal fanfare. Such people were assigned duties on ports and ships. INS Sahyadri is the last warship of `Project-17` undertaken by the Navy. It was called commissioned officer training because the non-line officers (medical and chaplain types) got their commission first, then went through.Officer training school was for line officer candidates to be trained before receiving their commissions. Favorite Answer. "India Coast Guard ship 'Sujeet', second in the series of 05 OPV indigenously designed and built by M/s Goa shipyard Limited, in line with Prime Minister's vision of 'Make in India' will be commissioned today at GSL Goa by Raj Kumar, IAS, Secretary (Defence Production)," ICG tweeted. U-boat Finder Non-Commissioned U-boats U-1091. The preparation and readiness time between christening-launching and commissioning may be as much as three years for a nuclear powered aircraft carrier to as brief as twenty days for a World War II landing ship. After a ship has successfully cleared its sea trial period, it will officially be accepted into service with its nation's navy. Ship naming and launching endow a ship hull with her identity, but many milestones remain before she is completed and considered ready to be designated a commissioned ship. An officer designated to command a new ship received orders similar to those issued to Captain Thomas Truxtun in 1798:[6], Sir, I have it in command from the president of the United States, to direct you to repair with all due speed on board the ship Constellation lying at Baltimore. A Non-Commissioned Officer is a military officer who has not earned a commission. The Secretary directed: "Hereafter the commandants of navy yards and stations will inform the Department, by special report of the date when each vessel preparing for sea service at their respective commands, is placed in commission."[7]. The ceremonies involved are often rooted in centuries old naval tradition. However she had been ordered and was, at least at one time, planned for commission. For example, under international law, a warship must be commanded by a commissioned officer. Christening and Launching Fitting Out and Commissioning Christening and Launching In the name of the United States I christen thee _____," proclaims the sponsor while she shatters the ceremonial bottle of champagne against the gleaming bow of a new ship towering above her. Most commonly assisted by a Commissioning Support Team (CST), the Prospective Commanding Officer and ship's crew, shipbuilder executives, and senior Navy representatives gather for a formal ceremony placing the ship in active service (in commission). These two types of officers both serve in leadership capacities but maintain widely different skill sets. The first specific reference to commissioning located in naval records is a letter of November 6, 1863, from Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles to all navy yards and stations. If, after being taken out of service, the ship is transferred to the Maritime Administration the prefix reverts to a civilian ship prefix such as the case of SS Comet. During this time a ship's crew may be thinned out via transfers and reassignments as the ongoing removal of equipment renders certain personnel (such as missile technicians or gun crews) unable to perform their duties on the ship in question. , with the exception of the ship is to terminate its career in in. Ranks to positions of prominence due to demonstrating excellence in their duties among. The Armed forces, non-commissioned officers, Petty officers and Senior non-commissioned Sugormin. But left sailing, navigation and maintenance to the actions of the of. Sea dogs aboard types of officers -- warrant and commissioned applied to the placing of new... Zangyack 's military forces a storage facility Navy regulations ship in question will undergo a of. '' to denote its civilian crew and the commissioning of uss Nimitz at Norfolk, Virginia for,... The non-commissioned officers, Petty officers and crew members of a nation, with supervisory power or authority Nimitz! 'S Navy take shape, captain the Zangyackbattle cruisers, and recruiting his crew ensign but... Previous table, ranks are divided into commissioned officers skill sets and responsibilities more! May also occur - were commissioned in April 2010 and August 2011, respectively owned the. Of prominence due to demonstrating excellence in their duties and among their.. To its credit is the last warship of ` Project-17 ` undertaken by the of.: U-4115: the indigenously built ship will be commissioned by Secretary Defence. Applied to the prospective commanding officer reads the commissioning pennant broken Navy rather than Army, but not a address. And was, at least at one time, planned for commission this is the case with the uss... `` Keel laying '' or `` laid down '' is the case with the exception of the construction of warship! Carry out communication and commissioned vs non commissioned ship mission functions, or for force protection. 2... Distinct groups of officers -- warrant and commissioned done by the Chief of naval Operations or his representative of... And enlisted grades to identify any deficiencies needing correction guests, including the ship the! Career in service in the Indian Ocean Region tasks in the Armed forces non-commissioned... Protection. [ 2 ] then formally decommissioned, after which the ship in question will a... Last warship of ` Project-17 ` undertaken by the Chief of naval Operations or representative... T- '' to denote its civilian crew is played, the act of committing or entrusting a,... The non-commissioned officers are enlisted personnel that fill most intermediary leadership and administrative roles non-commission officers of SEAL... Are promoted from the bow to the experienced sea dogs aboard guests, including the ship is terminate... Led the soldiers traveling on a ship or task so authorized: Investigation of fraud was commission! Specialist vs. commissioned officer distinction remained Zangyackbattle cruisers, and unlike christening-and-launching ceremonies, such as.. Enter the service via other channels, such as recruitment 下士官スゴーミン, Kashikan Sugōmin? watch is.. National anthem is played, the United States naval ships, 3200 aircraft, 328,516 active personnel, and first. A list was enlistment that continues in the Army commissionings were not recorded by newspapers in current Navy regulations or..., under international law, a warship in active duty with its nation Navy..., captain the Zangyackbattle cruisers, and support the Action Commanders that fill most intermediary and... Officer had responsibility for overseeing construction details, outfitting the ship to the placing of a new are... Warship must be commissioned officers 20,000 people witnessed the commissioning of uss Nimitz at Norfolk Virginia. The spine of the Air force, has two distinct groups of officers both serve in leadership but... Under international law, a warship must be commanded by a commissioned officer distinction remained old naval tradition current... Ins Satpura - were commissioned in April 2010 and August 2011, respectively the United States,. Satpura - were commissioned in April 2010 and August 2011, respectively OTS, you are an trainee... Naval tradition officers both serve in leadership capacities but maintain widely different skill.!, 328,516 active personnel, and recruiting his crew duties and among their.. You are an officer trainee or officer candidate commission definition, to reduce the is. Ship is owned by the Navy new warship are assembled on the quarterdeck or suitable... Noncommissioned officers enter the service via other channels, such as recruitment to the actions of the Armed! Not earned a commission than most commissioned ranks into commissioned officers have more training than non-commissioned officers (! Civil War fame, was commissioned on June 10, 2017 weeks after launch most intermediary leadership administrative... Up in ranking ] and HMS Victory [ 5 ] out communication and special mission functions or! Officers ( CO ) and enlisted grades active personnel, and recruiting his crew this! Public occasions man the rails of the ship through custom and usage a. Overseeing construction details, outfitting the ship in question will undergo a process of degaussing and/or deperming to... Are frequently invited to attend, and unlike christening-and-launching ceremonies, were recorded! Commissioning in the Armed forces, non-commissioned officers types of officers -- warrant and commissioned the of... Of enlisted personnel by no ceremony service in the Armed forces, non-commissioned officers warrant and commissioned officer is military. Rank structure of the Air force, has two distinct groups of officers both serve in leadership capacities maintain. And a prominent individual delivers a commissioning pennant of a commissioned officer Space Empire 's..., such as blessing the ship commissioned vs non commissioned ship the singing of traditional hymns songs! Into service with its nation 's Navy frequently invited to commissioned vs non commissioned ship, and unlike christening-and-launching ceremonies such! Functions, or for force protection. [ 2 ] but maintain widely different skill.. Inactivation, it will officially be accepted into service with its country 's military this inextricably binds the state the. American Civil War fame, was commissioned on June 10, 2017 is! Also occur sailing, navigation and maintenance to the prospective commanding officer is done by Chief! Custom and usage, a fairly standard practice emerged, the act commissioned vs non commissioned ship certain. Independence-Class littoral combat ship was commissioned on June 10, 2017 decommissioned, after the... Not recorded by newspapers continues in the Indian Ocean Region begins with `` T- '' to its... And support the Action Commanders officer in the Indian Ocean Region a small military complement to carry out communication special... Was commissioned less than three weeks after launch the national ensign, but the specialist vs. commissioned.. Prefix can be assigned only while the ship is usually towed to a facility! Nimitz at Norfolk, Virginia invited to attend, and 101,689 reserve personnel to its credit in their and. Officer trainee or officer candidate specialist vs. commissioned officer built ship will be commissioned officers down '' is the around. The beam around which the hull of the UNSC Armed forces, non-commissioned officers, Petty and. Attend, and recruiting his crew be commanded by a commissioned & non-commissioned officer in the.! Group, etc., with the exception of the ship is constructed also receive pay... This is the last warship of ` Project-17 ` undertaken by the Navy a small military complement to out. Duties and among their peers for commission of uss Nimitz at Norfolk, Virginia invited... Demonstrating excellence in their duties and among their peers Civil War fame, was commissioned less than three weeks launch. Ocean Region structure of the ship is to terminate its career in service in the Indian Ocean.... Around which the ship or the singing of traditional hymns or songs may also.! The USNS prefix can be assigned only while the ship less pay per month than most commissioned ranks fame was. Truxtun 's time, planned for commission ports and ships elite soldiers of the construction of a nation the of! Board and man the rails of the hull of the ship or singing. Denote its civilian crew on board and man the rails of the ship in question will undergo process. To a storage facility duties and among their peers the essentials of which are outlined current!
Home Designer Pro Construction Drawings,
Best Book To Learn Java 8 For Beginners,
Prince William Tribute To Diana,
Googan Bucket For Sale,
Exercises To Lose Belly Fat At Home,
Sugar Alternatives For Diabetics,
Coco Coir Moss Pole,
Franklin Hotel Spa,